Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a kind of therapy that can control and eliminate tumors by restarting and maintaining the tumor-immune cycle and restoring the body’s normal anti-tumor immune response. Although immunotherapy has great potential, it is currently only applicable to patients with certain types of tumors, such as melanoma, lung cancer, and cancer with high mutation load and microsatellite instability, and even in these types of tumors, immunotherapy is not effective for all patients. In order to enhance the effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy, this article reviews the research progress of tumor microenvironment immunotherapy, and studies the mechanism of stimulating and mobilizing immune system to enhance anti-tumor immunity. In this review, we focused on immunotherapy against tumor microenvironment (TME) and discussed the important research progress. TME is the environment for the survival and development of tumor cells, which is composed of cell components and non-cell components; immunotherapy for TME by stimulating or mobilizing the immune system of the body, enhancing the anti-tumor immunity. The checkpoint inhibitors can effectively block the inhibitory immunoregulation, indirectly strengthen the anti-tumor immune response and improve the effect of immunotherapy. We also found the checkpoint inhibitors have brought great changes to the treatment model of advanced tumors, but the clinical treatment results show great individual differences. Based on the close attention to the future development trend of immunotherapy, this study summarized the latest progress of immunotherapy and pointed out a new direction. To study the mechanism of stimulating and mobilizing the immune system to enhance anti-tumor immunity can provide new opportunities for cancer treatment, expand the clinical application scope and effective population of cancer immunotherapy, and improve the survival rate of cancer patients.
Highlights
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex environment in which tumor cells depend for survival and development
Checkpoint inhibitors can effectively block the inhibitory immunoregulation of PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4 and other immune checkpoints, so as to indirectly strengthen the anti-tumor immune response and improve the effect of immunotherapy
CD47 antibodies target a variety of indications, including hematological malignancies such as non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), as well as solid tumors such as colorectal cancer, ovarian, and bladder cancers [63]
Summary
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex environment in which tumor cells depend for survival and development. Non-cellular components, including cytokines and chemokines, constitute a complex tumor microenvironment. These cellular and noncellular components work together to support tumor growth (Figure 1). Anti-angiogenesis therapy and immunotherapy are the mainstream treatment methods for tumor microenvironment at present (Figure 1). There are many methods of tumor immunological therapy [4] [5], including tumor vaccine [6], immune-guided therapy, cell adoptive immunotherapy [7], cytokine therapy, gene therapy [8] and comprehensive therapy. It introduces the new strategies to overcome the resistance of immunotherapy for cancer, the methods to improve the curative effect of immunotherapy and to alleviate side effects, as well as the screening, treatment and effectiveness evaluation of beneficiaries before immunotherapy
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