Abstract
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is a gastrointestinal disorder caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs). OA and DTXs are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases 2A, 1B, and 2B, which may promote cancer in the human digestive system. Their expression in dinoflagellates is strongly affected by nutritional and environmental factors. Studies have indicated that the level of these biotoxins is inversely associated with the growth of dinoflagellates at low concentrations of nitrogen or phosphorus, or at extreme temperature. However, the presence of leucine or glycerophosphate enhances both growth and cellular toxin level. Moreover, the presence of ammonia and incubation in continuous darkness do not favor the toxin production. Currently, studies on the mechanism of this biotoxin production are scant. Full genome sequencing of dinoflagellates is challenging because of the massive genomic size; however, current advanced molecular and omics technologies may provide valuable insight into the biotoxin production mechanism and novel research perspectives on microalgae. This review presents a comprehensive analysis on the effects of various nutritional and physical factors on the OA and DTX production in the DSP toxin-producing Prorocentrum spp. Moreover, the applications of the current molecular technologies in the study on the mechanism of DSP toxin production are discussed.
Highlights
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) has a worldwide incidence, and its occurrence has been recorded in Europe, Asia, North America, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand since the 1960s [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
It is an alimentary intoxication caused by a suite of DSP toxins produced by the dinoflagellates Dinophysis and Prorocentrum [5,8,9,10]
People who consume shellfish containing bioaccumulated DSP toxins may present with non-fatal gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and most commonly, diarrhoea within 12 h of consumption [25], because of a water imbalance caused by the hyperphosphorylation of ion channels in the epithelial cells lining the intestine [26]
Summary
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) has a worldwide incidence, and its occurrence has been recorded in Europe, Asia, North America, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand since the 1960s [1,2,3,4,5,6,7] It is an alimentary intoxication caused by a suite of DSP toxins produced by the dinoflagellates Dinophysis and Prorocentrum [5,8,9,10]. “DTX‐3” metabolically transform back to DTX‐1 in human stomach after consuming contaminated “DTX-3” does not exist in microalgae [33]. These toxins are lipophilic and accumulate in shellfish and bivalves [32]. Prorocentrum spp. at a physiological and molecular level and its applications as well as studies providing insight into omics technologies and research perspectives
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
