Abstract
BackgroundAlizarin red (AR) is a typical anthraquinone dye, and the resulting wastewater is toxic and difficult to remove. A study showed that the white rot fungus Trametes gibbosa (T. gibbosa) can degrade dye wastewater by decolorization and has its own enzyme-producing traits.MethodsIn this study, transcriptome sequencing was performed after alizarin red treatment for 0, 3, 7, 10, and 14 h. The key pathways and key enzymes involved in alizarin red degradation were found to be through the analysis of KEGG and GO. The Glutathione S-transferase (GST), manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase activities of T. gibbosa treated with alizarin red for 0–14 h were detected. LC–MS and GC–MS analyses of alizarin red decomposition products after 7 h and 14 h were performed.ResultsThe glutathione metabolic pathway ko00480, and the key enzymes GST, MnP, laccase and CYP450 were selected. Most of the genes encoding these enzymes were upregulated under alizarin red conditions. The GST activity increased 1.8 times from 117.55 U/mg prot at 0 h to 217.03 U/mg prot at 14 h. The MnP activity increased 2.9 times from 6.45 to 18.55 U/L. The laccase activity increased 3.7 times from 7.22 to 27.28 U/L. Analysis of the alizarin red decolourization rate showed that the decolourization rate at 14 h reached 20.21%. The main degradation intermediates were found to be 1,4-butene diacid, phthalic acid, 1,1-diphenylethylene, 9,10-dihydroanthracene, 1,2-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, bisphenol, benzophenol-5,2-butene, acrylaldehyde, and 1-butylene, and the degradation process of AR was inferred. Overall, 1,4-butene diacid is the most important intermediate product produced by AR degradation.ConclusionsThe glutathione metabolic pathway was the key pathway for AR degradation. GST, MnP, laccase and CYP450 were the key enzymes for AR degradation. 1,4-butene diacid is the most important intermediate product. This study explored the process of AR biodegradation at the molecular and biochemical levels and provided a theoretical basis for its application in practical production.
Highlights
Alizarin red (AR) is a typical anthraquinone dye, and the resulting wastewater is toxic and difficult to remove
Results of transcriptome data and quality control evaluation A total of 109.29 Gb clean data were obtained from transcriptome analysis of 15 samples, the percentage of Q30 bases was 91.32% and above, and the quality of transcriptome data was up to standard. is the clean reads of each sample were compared with the designated reference genome, and the alignment efficiency was 87.22–91.32%, and reference genome selection was correct and efficient (Additional file 1: Table S1)
Gene Expression Pattern Analysis and Clustering of differentially expressed gene (DEG) The transcriptome data were divided into 10 groups, among which 6 groups had more downregulated genes than upregulated genes (Additional file 1: Table S3)
Summary
Alizarin red (AR) is a typical anthraquinone dye, and the resulting wastewater is toxic and difficult to remove. A study showed that the white rot fungus Trametes gibbosa (T. gibbosa) can degrade dye wastewater by decolorization and has its own enzyme-producing traits. Zhang et al BMC Biotechnol (2021) 21:64 dye occurring in powder form obtained via Alizarin sulfonation. It is widely used as an acid–base indicator and a dye. The degradation methods of anthraquinone dye wastewater mainly include physical, chemical and biological methods. White rot fungi have certain decolorization and degradation abilities in dye wastewater [6]. The mechanism of dye degradation by white rot fungi is not well studied. Using transcriptome technology to study various biological phenomena at the molecular level is a popular research method [13]
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