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Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most devastating disease of citrus, presumably caused by “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” (CaLas). Although transcriptomic profiling of HLB-affected citrus plants has been studied extensively, the initial steps in pathogenesis have not been fully understood. In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to compare very early transcriptional changes in the response of Valencia sweet orange (VAL) to CaLas after being fed by the vector, Diaphorina citri (Asian citrus psyllid, or ACP). The results suggest the existence of a delayed defense reaction against the infective vector in VAL, while the attack by the healthy vector prompted immediate and substantial transcriptomic changes that led to the rapid erection of active defenses. Moreover, in the presence of CaLas-infected psyllids, several downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified on the pathways, such as signaling, transcription factor, hormone, defense, and photosynthesis-related pathways at 1 day post-infestation (dpi). Surprisingly, a burst of DEGs (6,055) was detected at 5 dpi, including both upregulated and downregulated DEGs on the defense-related and secondary metabolic pathways, and severely downregulated DEGs on the photosynthesis-related pathways. Very interestingly, a significant number of those downregulated DEGs required ATP binding for the activation of phosphate as substrate; meanwhile, abundant highly upregulated DEGs were detected on the ATP biosynthetic and glycolytic pathways. These findings highlight the energy requirement of CaLas virulence processes. The emerging picture is that CaLas not only employs virulence strategies to subvert the host cell immunity, but the fast-replicating CaLas also actively rewires host cellular metabolic pathways to obtain the necessary energy and molecular building blocks to support virulence and the replication process. Taken together, the very early response of citrus to the CaLas, vectored by infective ACP, was evaluated for the first time, thus allowing the changes in gene expression relating to the primary mechanisms of susceptibility and host–pathogen interactions to be studied, and without the secondary effects caused by the development of complex whole plant symptoms.
Highlights
Huanglongbing (HLB), known as citrus greening, is a disease that affects all economically important citrus species, and some close citrus relatives (Folimonova et al, 2009; Ramadugu et al, 2016)
According to the MapMan pathway analysis, we visually observed that most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the starch metabolism pathways were downregulated, while several DEGs involved in the sucrose metabolism were upregulated (Supplementary Material 2, Supplementary Figure 7). This finding further supports our hypothesis suggested above, that Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas) might manipulate the glycolytic pathway for ATP production via sucrose metabolism and starch degradation
We speculated that a constantly downregulated DEG encoding receptor-like kinases (RLKs) was repressed by CaLas secreted effector(s), and/or in conjunction with an receptor-like proteins (RLPs) encoded by a DEG, which might play a crucial role in the downstream signal transduction
Summary
Huanglongbing (HLB), known as citrus greening, is a disease that affects all economically important citrus species, and some close citrus relatives (Folimonova et al, 2009; Ramadugu et al, 2016) This disease is associated with three species of Gramnegative α-proteobacteria, namely “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas),” “Ca. L. africanus,” and “Ca. L. americanus,” categorized according to their presumptive geographical origin and 16S rDNA molecular classification (Jagoueix et al, 1994; Li et al, 2006). They are non-culturable, phloem-limited, and characterized by transmission mediated by two species of citrus psyllid or by grafting (Bové, 2006; Wang and Trivedi, 2013). An effector CLIBASIA_05315 was revealed by a protein function study, which contributes to excessive cellular starch accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana, a typical physiological disorder associated with CaLas-infected citrus plants (Pitino et al, 2018)
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