The mechanism of azo-dyes adsorption on the titanium dioxide surface and their photocatalytic degradation over samples with various anatase/rutile ratios

Abstract

The joint use of adsorption data, potentiometric titrations, microelectrophoresis, pH change upon adsorption and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy allowed the elucidation of adsorption mechanism for two representative azo-dyes, one acidic (Orange G) and one basic (Yellow 28), on the titanium dioxide (Degussa P25) surface. In both cases the adsorption is realized by chemical bonding with the TiO2 surface. In the case of Orange G the surface compound is formed through the substitution of positively charged surface hydroxyl groups of TiO2 by one of the two negative –SO3− groups of the dye. In the case of Yellow 28 the formation of the surface compound probably occurs via the positively charged N of the molecule.The photocatalytic degradation of the above azo-dyes was studied over the titanium dioxide Degussa P25 and a series of samples resulted by calcination of the mother material at various temperatures and times. Although the mother TiO2 sample (Degussa P25) exhibits the maximum photocatalytic activity per gram, the intrinsic photocatalytic activity is maximized in the samples with A/R ratios 0.8 and 0.5 (for the Orange G and Yellow 28, respectively) in which a relatively large population of heterojunctions between the two TiO2 phases is obtained indicating the critical role of this parameter. Moreover, the kind of the surface bonds formed seems to influence the kinetics of the photocatalytic reaction though the strong adsorption of both azo-dyes related to the formation of surface compounds seems to favor their photocatalytic degradation.