The mechanics of penetration of projectiles into targets

Abstract

The present survey is concerned with the terminal ballistics aspects and the penetration mechanics viewpoint of the interaction of penetrators and targets. The latter are categorized as semi-infinite, thick, intermediate and thin. Initial velocity ranges are established for the partial purpose of separating physical effects in various regimes. Target damage mechanisms are described and the concept of a phase diagram distinguishing between the domains of embedment (or perforation) and ricochet is presented. Methods for describing or observing the process are indicated; these include empirical relations, analytical models for ballistic velocities based on rather simple damage mechanisms (primarily for targets, but in some instances for the striker), hypervelocity descriptions, numerical techniques and experimental methods. Projectile and target characteristics are described and the penetration into the targets is examined for the various thickness categories. Finally, some unsolved problems in this area are indicated that require further investigation.