Abstract
AbstractThis chapter discusses the monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) and enforcement which are essential components of the international legal framework governing the sustainable management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. The chapter begins with a discussion of the concepts of MCS and enforcement and the international legal framework supporting them. This is followed by an overview of the comprehensive, practical and innovative measures provided for under UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) to address MSC and enforcement. The chapter examines the practice of regional fisheries management organization (RFMOs) in implementing these measures. Practical MCS and enforcement measures discussed in the chapter include fishing vessel registries; data collection and reporting; trade-related measures; regulation of transshipment; observer programmes; aerial surveillance; satellite-based vessel monitoring systems; vessel detection systems; at-sea boarding and inspection; requirements on the use of force; and port-State measures. Lastly, the objectives of MCS measures to ascertain what and how much is being caught, where, when and by whom, to collect required scientific data, inform management decisions, and determine RFMO management measures are also presented.
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