The Manifestations of Skin Lesion on COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Introduction: The 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is a respiratory tract infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that spread rapidly worldwide through human-to-human transmission. Skin is one of the target organs that involvement in adults and children affected by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Despite the pathophysiologic mechanisms of cutaneous manifestations still unclear. Objective: We aim to assess the latest evidence of skin lesions associated with Covid-19 patients with a detailed analysis of skin morphology for early diagnosis and lead to possible better prognosis in COVID-19 patients. Method: We performed a comprehensive search on topics that assessed the manifestations of skin lesions in Covid-19 Patients from inception until February 2022. Result: There were 25 studies out of a total of 2450 patients divided into six patterns of skin lesions that occur in the presence of COVID-19 infection, including maculopapular, urticarial, pseudo-chilblain, vesicular, petechiae/purpura and livedoid. Among these skin lesions, maculopapular and pseudo-chilblains lesions appear to be the most common, followed by urticarial, vesicular, livedoid, and petechial/purpura. These lesions have been found in people of all age groups, including children. Conclusion: In conclusion, this systematic review supplied a complex and detailed analysis of 6 central dermatology patterns common in COVID-19 patients explaining the underlying molecular mechanisms. Another future study on cutaneous manifestations related to COVID-19 is still needed for detailed analysis.