Abstract

Thyroid and parathyroid cancers are both relatively uncommon malignancies; however, the yearly incidence of thyroid cancer has nearly tripled since 1975. The mainstay of treatment of these endocrine malignancies has been surgical resection and radioactive iodine treatment for thyroid cancer. Differentiated thyroid cancers encompass papillary and follicular carcinomas and are responsive to radioactive iodine treatment and TSH suppression, in contrast to medullary thyroid cancer. There is now a greater understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of differentiated thyroid cancers, poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancers, and medullary thyroid cancer. This has prompted numerous phase studies utilizing oral biologically targeted agents that inhibit a variety of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, c-Kit, RET, and PDGFR. This review will discuss the epidemiology, histologies, pathogenesis, and issues in management of thyroid and parathyroid cancers.

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