Abstract
Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae is a myxozoan parasite responsible for proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in a wide range of salmonids. PKD, characterized by high mortality and morbidity, is well known for affecting aquaculture operations and wild salmonid populations across Europe and North America. The life cycle of T. bryosalmonae revolves around freshwater bryozoan and salmonid fish hosts. In recent years, T. bryosalmonae has been reported among wild salmonids from the European countries where it has not been reported previously. T. bryosalmonae is believed to be a possible reason for the diminishing wild salmonid populations in the natural water bodies of many European countries. Climate crisis driven rising water temperature can further accelerate the distribution of T. bryosalmonae. Expansion of the geographical distribution of T. bryosalmonae may further advocate the decline of wild salmonid populations, especially brown trout (Salmo trutta) in their habitats. Mathematical models are used to understand the pattern and distribution of T. bryosalmonae among the host in the natural water bodies. The present manuscript not only summarizes the incidences of T. bryosalmonae among the wild salmonid populations, but also discusses the contemporary understanding about the development of T. bryosalmonae in its hosts and the influences of various factors in the spread of the disease in the wild.
Highlights
Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae is a myxozoan parasite belonging to class Malacosporea and is well known for causing proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in salmonids [1]
In the past two decades, T. bryosalmonae has emerged as a threatening parasite that can decline wild salmonid populations
PKD-recovered brown trout act as a carrier of T. bryosalmonae in the wild and shed the parasite for a very long period
Summary
Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae is a myxozoan parasite belonging to class Malacosporea and is well known for causing proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in salmonids [1]. Recent reports suggest that T. bryosalmonae may be associated with the decline of wild brown trout population in the European rivers, which has created more interest among researchers in the exploration of this parasite in wild salmonid populations [9,10,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47]. The rising water temperature can enhance the geographic distribution of T. bryosalmonae by enhancing the growth of bryozoan colonies more host biomass available for parasite life cycle [39], and infected bryozoans and carrier fish could release more parasites at warmer temperature providing more infectious material to the environment for the spread [14,15,16]. Studies on T. bryosalmonae infected brown trout from the wild showed that clinical symptoms of PKD are more strongly associated with kidney hyperplasia rather than with parasite load [98]. Further studies on collagen catabolic protease are needed to gain insights on the difference in infection and co-evolution pattern of T. bryosalmonae observed between brown trout and rainbow trout
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