The makers of Rhamphichnus ispp. reinterpreted as lepidosaurian and crocodilian, not pterosaurian

Abstract

Three ichnospecies of the Late Jurassic trace fossil genus Rhamphichnus were first described and interpreted as the walking tracks of non-pterodactyloid pterosaurs like Rhamphorhynchus. This despite not resembling any previously identified pterosaur tracks and having a morphology unmatched by pterosaur skeletal elements. To fit the pterosaurian model, elongated imprints of R. pereiraensis and R. lafaurii, displaying four or five digit impressions were interpreted as manus prints, while shorter, five-digit prints were interpreted as imprints made by pedes with dislocated metatarsals and disarticulated phalanges. Comparison of published images and descriptions of Rhamphichnus ispp. to skeletal elements of six contemporaneous non-pterodactyloid taxa, skeletons and tracks from pterodactyloid pterosaurs, and modern and ancient lepidosaurs and crocodilians suggests an alternative interpretation. R. crayssacensis closely resembles crocodilian (Crocodylopodus (Sustenodactylus) isp.) and crocodylomorph (Batrachopus isp.) tracks; its holotype trackway was found 50 cm away from and parallel to a crocodilian swimming trackway with the same sized feet, possibly made by the same individual. R. pereiraensis and R. lafaurii strongly resemble lepidosaurian tracks and match the size and morphology of contemporary rhynchocephalians. Prints originally interpreted as manual and pedal in R. pereiraensis and R. lafaurii are reinterpreted and transposed in light of new data from pterosaurian, lepidosaurian, and crocodilian tracks and anatomy. Identification of fossil trackmakers depends on comparisons of a wide range of candidate taxa and elimination of those that cannot be considered further. With this reinterpretation of Rhamphichnus, there are no non-pterodactyloid pterosaurian tracks yet identified in the fossil record.