Abstract
The linguistic diversity enduring beyond institutional pressures and social prejudices against non-standard dialects questions the social forces influencing language maintenance across generations and how children contribute to this process. Children encounter multi-dialectal interactions in their early environment, and increasing evidence shows that the acquisition of sociolinguistic variation is not a side issue but an inherent part of the general acquisition process. Despite these recent advances in sociolinguistic acquisition, children's sociolinguistic uses remain under-studied in relation to peer social networks and the ability to use dialect for identity purposes. Our study focused on a grammatical sociolinguistic variable consisting of the alternation between a regional and a standard variant of the third person object pronoun in French. The regional variant is a remnant of the Francoprovençal language and its usage by adults is strongly associated with local identity in the French Alps. We described, using questionnaires, the social networks of 117 10–11 year-old girls and boys living in the same restricted rural area. Thirteen native target children (7 girls and 6 boys) were selected from the sample, as well as 39 same-sex friends chosen according to their place of birth (native vs. non-native) and the duration of their friendship with the targets (number of years they have known each other). The target children were recorded during spontaneous dyadic conversations during free play at school with each category of friends. Target boys, but not girls, used the regional variant significantly more frequently with their long-term native friends than with their non-native friends. This adjustment mirrored their partners' uses. Moreover, with long-term native friends, boys used the regional variant twice as frequently as girls. Boys appeared thus as key actors in the maintenance and the diffusion of regional cues in local social networks.
Highlights
In a number of modern industrialized countries, as in Europe, some regional languages tend to disappear or have already disappeared (Hornsby and Agarin, 2012)
The target children were recorded with each of their three friends with contrasting identities, yielding a total of 39 dyads (Table 1 for a summary of dyads’ characteristics, see Supplementary Table 1 for details), that is a native friend known for a long time (NL: mean length of the relationship ± SD = 7.6 years ± 0.5), a non-native friend known for a long time (NNL: 7.1 years ± 1.0), and a non-native friend known for a short time (NNS: 2.3 years ± 1.1)
CHILDREN’S PRODUCTIONS OF THE REGIONAL VARIANT OF (Y) Average scores of the regional variant of (Y) produced by the target children and their three categories of interlocutors (NL, a native friend known for a long time; NNL, a non-native friend known for a long time; and NNS, a non-native friend known for a short time) are shown in Table 2 and Figure 1
Summary
In a number of modern industrialized countries, as in Europe, some regional languages tend to disappear or have already disappeared (Hornsby and Agarin, 2012). This is the case for the Francoprovençal language that extends over adjoining geographical areas of France, Switzerland and Italy. The use of vernacular forms within peer groups has been documented in Italy where young people insert expressions from regional dialects into their speech, both for fun and for pragmatic reasons (Radtke, 1993), suggesting that peer groups may play a role in the process of regional dialect maintenance
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