The magnetic dipole-induced ternary-hybrid nanofluid flow behavior along a vertical and horizontal wall under free, mixed, and forced convection

Abstract

In the field of nanotechnology research, fluid–nanoparticle interaction is attracting a lot of attention. A wide variety of technological and industrial areas that include convection flows, low-velocity heat exchangers, emergency shut nuclear reactors, exposed solar receivers to wind currents, and fans cooling electronic equipment. The flow of ternary-hybrid nanofluid (NF) due to forced, mixed, and free convection comprising platelet, cylindrical, and spherical shaped nanoparticles is explored in this study. Nonlinear governing equations are changed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by employing the proper similarity variables. The numerical outcomes of the reduced equations are attained using a shooting method and the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg 45 (RKF-45) order. Graphical displays are used to convey the numerical results. It is investigated how the various parameters affect each profile. Results reveal that the velocity for the forced convection case near the surface declines faster than the free and mixed convection case for distinct values of the porosity parameter. The heat transport for the free convection case shows less heat transport than the forced and mixed convection case. The mass transport for the forced convection case shows improved mass transport than the free and mixed convection case for distinct values of chemical reaction rate parameter.