The Lukacs–Olkin–Rubin theorem without invariance of the ``quotient''

Abstract

The Lukacs theorem is one of the most brilliant results in the area of characterizations of probability distributions. First, because it gives a deep insight into the nature of independence properties of the gamma distribution; second, because it uses beautiful and non-trivial mathematics. Originally it was proved for probability distribu- tions concentrated on (0;1). In 1962 Olkin and Rubin extended it to matrix variate distributions. Since that time it has been believed that the fundamental reason such an extension is possible, is the assumed property of invariance of the distribution of the \quo- tient (properly dened for matrices). The main result of this paper is that the matrix variate Lukacs theorem holds without any invariance assumption for the \quotient. The argument is based on solutions of some functional equations in matrix variate real func- tions, which seem to be of independent interest. The proofs use techniques of dieren tial calculus in the cone of positive denite symmetric matrices.