Abstract
A biographical sketch (with picture) of Helmholtz is given along with a description of his invention of the ophthalmoscope and the development of his trichromatic theory of color vision. Modern findings concerning the visual receptors for color vision are then reviewed. These include: electron micrographic studies of the retina, wavelength absorption spectra of single cone receptors, response potentials recorded from such receptors, bleaching spectra of cone pigments, electroretinograms showing components triggered by cones and matched by human psychophysical data, and finally the derivation of human color response functions from retinal potential waves produced by alternating stimulation with lights of different wavelengths.
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