Abstract
The present study assessed distant-in-time effects of soil contamination with petroleum-derived substances (PDSs) (petrol, diesel fuel and used engine oil) and their bioremediation using ZB-01 biopreparation on the growth of broad bean, content of nutrients and heavy metals in plants, and feeding by imagines and larvae of Sitona spp. The results showed that even after 5 years from the moment of soil contamination by engine oil and diesel fuel, they negatively impacted the growth of broad bean plants. PDSs significantly modified the content of nutrients and generally increased the content of heavy metals in plant organs. These substances also negatively affected the feeding of adult Sitona spp., causing a reduction in the percentage of plants damaged by beetles, and a decrease in the surface of consumed areas on leaves. The ZB-01 biopreparation had a generally positive effect on the morphological features of plants, and its effect on the content of nutrients and heavy metals was variable, depending on the type of contaminant, the analyzed metals or nutrients, and the involved part of the plant. The biopreparation also inhibited the adverse effect of PDSs on the feeding by imago of Sitona spp.
Highlights
In recent years, petroleum and its derivatives have become one of the principal sources of contamination of soil and water worldwide [1,2]
Five years after soil contamination by petroleum-derived substances (PDSs), the broad bean plants growing in the soil contaminated with DF had a lower mass of aboveground parts and a lower number of developed pods and root nodules than the control plants (Tables 1 and 2)
The adverse impact of petroleum and PDSs on plants growing in contaminated soil has been confirmed by several authors [21,22,23,24,25,26]
Summary
Petroleum and its derivatives have become one of the principal sources of contamination of soil and water worldwide [1,2]. A component of petroleum and PDSs, exert teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, cytotoxic, and immunotoxic effects on living organisms [6,7,8,9]. The components of petroleum undergo microbial and chemical transformations depending on a number of processes, e.g., oxidation, evaporation, sedimentation, dispersion, emulsification, adsorption, and dissolving in groundwater and surface water [2]. These transformations are usually very slow, and new techniques are continuously developed for eliminating PDSs from the soil. The importance of biological methods of decontamination has increased, because they offer high effectiveness while ensuring safety of the Agronomy 2020, 10, 1066; doi:10.3390/agronomy10081066 www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy
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