Abstract
ObjectiveTo examine whether 5 years of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration more than moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and control (CON) in older men and women.MethodsA total of 1567 older adults (790 [50.4%] women) were randomized (2:1:1) to either CON (n=780; asked to follow the national recommendations for physical activity) or 2 weekly sessions of HIIT (10-minute warm-up followed by 4×4-minute intervals at ∼90% of peak heart rate) or MICT (50 minutes of continuous work at ∼70% of peak heart rate). Serum HDL-C concentration was measured by standard procedures at baseline and at 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years. The study took place between August 21, 2012, and June 31, 2018. Linear mixed models were used to determine between-group differences during 5 years using the per protocol approach.ResultsMen in HIIT had a smaller reduction in HDL-C (−1.2%) than men in CON (−6.9%) and MICT (−7.8%) after 5 years (P=.01 and P=.03 for CON vs HIIT and MICT vs HIIT, respectively). No effect of exercise intensity on HDL-C was seen in women. Changes in peak oxygen uptake were associated with changes in HDL-C in both men and women, whereas changes in body weight and fat mass were not.ConclusionIn men, HIIT seems to be the best strategy to prevent a decline in HDL-C during a 5-year period. No effect of exercise intensity was seen for older women.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01666340.
Highlights
We examined a secondary hypothesis that changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are associated with changes in peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), body weight, and fat mass after 5 years of exercise
Women had on average higher HDL-C levels than men (1.94 [0.51] vs 1.58 [0.42] mmol/L, respectively) and lower VO2peak than men (27.41 [4.98] vs 33.13 [6.45] mL$minÀ1$kgÀ1, respectively) at inclusion
Of men in CON, 57% and 37% fulfilled the criteria for moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), respectively
Summary
Personnel were blinded to intervention group during testing For this particular study, we used a per protocol approach, and participants were included if they had 50% or more adherence to the prescribed exercise intervention during 5 years. After 5 years, 673 participants (350 [52%] women) adhered to the prescribed exercise program or to the national recommendations for physical activity and were included in the study. Adherence of the CON group was determined as 30 minutes or more of weekly physical activity at any intensity This included the criteria for inclusion in the study and had to be followed for all 5 years. The analyses were carried out by the per protocol approach and included participants in MICT and HIIT with 50% adherence to the prescribed exercise program and participants in CON who adhered to the national recommendations for physical activity for the entire duration of the study. Sample size for the main study was calculated on the basis of mortality.[15]
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