Abstract

The first literary works of the Jewish mystical tradition known as the Kabbalah appeared in thirteenth-century Provence, and its center soon moved to Spain where it flourished until the Expulsion in 1492. Due to the overwhelming focus of scholars and medieval Kabbalists on the theosophic doctrine of sefirot and their symbolism which was crystallized in the writings of various circles in thirteenth century Spain and was all but canonized in the Zohar, many have neglected to take note of the emergence of pre-Kabbalistic mystical works in the early thirteenth century.1 As reported by Eleazar of Worms, the student of Judah the Pious who headed the pietist circle in Germany, the mystical teachings were passed

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