Abstract
The majority of Richards texts and of scholarly works on him are concerned with his mystical, or tropological, interpretation of Scripture: De archa mystica or Benjamin maior and De duodecim patriarchis or Benjamin minor are the most famous examples. Jan van Zwieten has explained how the conflict between Richard and Andrew, both students of Hugh of Saint-Victor, is connected with a different interpretation of what literal exegesis means. This chapter discusses some general remarks of Richard on the multiple meaning of Scripture and on the literal sense as they can be found in several of his works. It then turns to De Emmanuele, in which Richard develops his explanation of the Isaiah text according to the literal sense, that is, in Richards definition, according to the first signification of the letter. The chapter concludes with discussion of Richards Commentary on the Apocalypse. Keywords: Andrew; Apocalypse; De Emmanuele; Isaiah text; literal exegesis; Richards texts; Saint-Victor; scripture
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