Abstract
The last years have brought an abundance of data on the existence of a gut-kidney axis and the importance of microbiome in kidney injury. Data on kidney-gut crosstalk suggest the possibility that microbiota alter renal inflammation; we therefore aimed to answer questions about the role of microbiome and gut-derived toxins in acute kidney injury. PubMed and Cochrane Library were searched from inception to October 10, 2020 for relevant studies with an additional search performed on ClinicalTrials.gov. We identified 33 eligible articles and one ongoing trial (21 original studies and 12 reviews/commentaries), which were included in this systematic review. Experimental studies prove the existence of a kidney-gut axis, focusing on the role of gut-derived uremic toxins and providing concepts that modification of the microbiota composition may result in better AKI outcomes. Small interventional studies in animal models and in humans show promising results, therefore, microbiome-targeted therapy for AKI treatment might be a promising possibility.
Highlights
The term microbiota is used to describe a community of 100 trillion microorganisms that are present in the gastrointestinal tract
We have identified 16 experimental studies and five human studies
Observations microbial stimuli influence the phenotype of renal lymphocytes and ameliorate the extent of renal injury hypobaric hypoxia causes both acute kidney injury (AKI) and affects gut microbial population cisplatin induces more severe tubular injury, tubular cell apoptosis and lower proliferation in hyperHcy mice
Summary
The term microbiota is used to describe a community of 100 trillion microorganisms 1000 species, of mostly bacteria, and viruses, fungi, and protozoa) that are present in the gastrointestinal tract. The term microbiome on the other hand, refers to the collective genomes of the above-mentioned organisms. The microbiome encodes over 3 million genes 30,000 genes present in the human genome) characterized by the Human Microbiome Project [1], which produce thousands of metabolites. Those metabolites play an important role both in human biology and disease development [2]. The functional diversity of microbiota is key to normal biology
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