Abstract
The development of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has launched a new era in X-ray science by providing ultrafast coherent X-ray pulses with a peak brightness that is approximately one billion times higher than previous X-ray sources. The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) facility at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, the world’s first hard X-ray FEL, has already demonstrated a tremendous scientific impact across broad areas of science. Here, a few of the more recent representative highlights from LCLS are presented in the areas of atomic, molecular, and optical science; chemistry; condensed matter physics; matter in extreme conditions; and biology. This paper also outlines the near term upgrade (LCLS-II) and motivating science opportunities for ultrafast X-rays in the 0.25–5 keV range at repetition rates up to 1 MHz. Future plans to extend the X-ray energy reach to beyond 13 keV (<1 Å) at high repetition rate (LCLS-II-HE) are envisioned, motivated by compelling new science of structural dynamics at the atomic scale.
Highlights
A new era in X-ray science has been launched by the development of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) which provide ultrafast coherent X-ray pulses with a peak brightness that is approximately one billion times higher than previous X-ray sources
X-rays in the 0.25 keV–5 keV range at repetition rates up to 1 MHz with two independent XFELs based on adjustable-gap undulators: 0.25 keV–1.25 keV soft X-ray undulator (SXU) and 1 keV–5
A second phase upgrade is envisioned to extend the X-ray energy reach to beyond 13 keV (
Summary
A new era in X-ray science has been launched by the development of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) which provide ultrafast coherent X-ray pulses with a peak brightness that is approximately one billion times higher than previous X-ray sources. A second phase upgrade is envisioned to extend the X-ray energy reach to beyond 13 keV (
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