Abstract
Hip fractures have a high prevalence worldwide. Few studies have investigated whether fish consumption is associated with risk of hip fractures. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of fish intake on the subsequent risk of a hip fracture because of the low number of studies on this topic. A community-based prospective cohort study of 2865 men and women from Hordaland county in Norway, born between 1925–1927 and enrolled in the study in 1997–1999. Information on hip fracture cases was extracted from hospital records until 31 December 2009. Baseline information on the intake of fish was obtained from a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Cox proportional hazard regression models with death as a competing risk were used to evaluate the association of fish intake with risk of hip fracture. During a mean (SD) follow-up time of 9.6 (2.7) years, 226 hip fractures (72 in men, 154 in women) were observed. The mean (SD) fish intake was 48 (25) g/1000 kcal. The association between fish intake and risk of hip fracture was not linear and displayed a threshold, with low intake of fish being associated with an increased risk of hip fracture in men (HR (Hazard Ratio) = 1.84, 95% CI 1.10, 3.08). In this community-based prospective study of men and women, a low intake of fish was associated with the risk of a hip fracture in men.
Highlights
Hip fracture is a major public health challenge in aging populations worldwide with especially high prevalence in Caucasian populations [1]
The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) has been validated against weighted dietary records and against fatty acid composition in serum phospholipids [34,35,36]
Our results suggest the existence of a threshold of fish intake below which the risk of hip fracture appears to increase in older men
Summary
Hip fracture is a major public health challenge in aging populations worldwide with especially high prevalence in Caucasian populations [1]. Is the strongest single risk factor for hip fracture and it has been estimated that the risk ratio for hip fracture in men and women increases threefold for each standard deviation (SD) reduction in BMD [8,9]. Nutrients 2018, 10, 873 fracture is often the first sign of low BMD [9]. Postmenopausal women have a more drastic decrease in BMD than men of the same age do. Because women have a longer life expectancy than men, the majority of low-energy hip fractures occur in women [9]
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