Abstract
Fraunhofer perfected methods for making optical glass and for testing its quality. He studied the dark lines in the spectrum of sunlight and used them to chart the dispersion of optical material with a precision spectrometer. He used scientific methods to produce truly excellent achromatic and aplanatic lenses, and optical instruments including astronomical refracting telescopes of large aperture. He analyzed diffraction patterns with precision; discovered the spectroscopic uses of gratings; made gratings ruled with up to 7670 lines/in., and determined wavelengths of Fraunhofer lines to four significant figures. He also noted the phenomenon of grating blaze, the polarizing effect of gratings, and effects of periodic errors in the rulings.
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