The lava lake-induced volcanic plume at Nyiragongo Volcano (DRC): Environmental effects on crop and population

Abstract

Stable isotopes, such as C, N, O and S, are successfully used as classical environmental tracers. During the last few years, heavy stable isotopes are getting more and more attention as tracers and proxies in biogeochemical and environmental studies. Multicollector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) has enabled scientists to obtain high precise isotopic analyses of heavy elements such as C1, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Hg and Pb. These isotopic systems can be used as important tracers in studying metal contaminants, biomedical processes and pollution of aquatic environments. MC-ICPMS is a powerful technique for the isotopic analysis of most elements, with the exception of light elements such as H, C, N and O and noble gases. The advantage of the ICP source is that it can ionize all elements with very high sensitivity. Various inlet systems can be used to introduce samples into the mass spectrometer, for instance gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), laser ablation, or conventional liquid nebulization. The aerosol is transported by an Ar and/or He gas flow into the ICP source where it is effectively ionized and introduced into the mass analyzer through a differential pumping system. The variable multicollector detector array allows the user to adjust the detector positions along the focal plane of the mass spectrometer so that all isotopes of interest can be measured simultaneously. Molecular interferences as carbides, nitrides, oxides, argides or doubly-charged species can show up in the mass spectrum and interfere with the elemental isotope peaks. High mass resolution is needed to effectively discriminate against these interferences. The ion optics of the Finnigan NEPTUNE is specially designed to meet this requirement and expand the power of isotope ratio measurements even to elements where previously isobaric interferences were the limit. The presentation will discuss the applications of S, C1, Fe and Hg isotopes to study various processes linked to geochemistry and health using the Finnigan NEPTUNE.