Abstract
The stabilities of oxidation states +2, +3 and +4 of the lanthanides in solution and in the solid state are discussed in terms of energy cycles. The irregular variation of the third and fourth ionization energies is of decisive importance in determining the relative stabilities of the various oxidation states. Some other features such as electronic configurations and the variation of properties with atomic number and L quantum number are also discussed. Important uses of the elements are mentioned.
Highlights
The stabilities o f oxidation states +2, +3 and + 4 o f the lanthanides in solution and in the solid state are discussed in terms o f energy cycles
VOORKOMS Die lantaniede word soms ook die seldsame aardelemente genoem, m aar hulle is glad nie so skaars as wat die naam aandui nie
Lantaan word dikwels ingesluit by besprekings van die chemiese eienskappe van die elemente, hoewel dit byna sonder uitsondering as ’n groep IIlB-element, d.w .s. as die eerste element van die derde oorgangsreeks in die periodieke tabel, geklassifiseer word.^
Summary
Met die lantaniede of lantaanreeks word gewoonlik bedoel die 14 elemente in die periodieke tabel wat direk op lantaan volg, naamlik 5gCe tot 7 jLu. In hierdie reeks word die 4f-orbitale met elektrone opgevul. Lantaan word dikwels ingesluit by besprekings van die chemiese eienskappe van die elemente, hoewel dit (weens die afwesigheid van f-elektrone) byna sonder uitsondering as ’n groep IIlB-element, d.w .s. as die eerste element van die derde oorgangsreeks in die periodieke tabel, geklassifiseer word.^. Behalwe vir La en Gd , wat elk een d-elektron het, met konfigurasie 4 r “ '5 d ‘, het die ander en M‘*'^-spesies slegs f-elektrone. Anders as in die geval van die d-elektrone van die elemente van die oorgangsreekse is die f-elektrone by die lantaniede nie so direk betrokke by binding nie en kom daar dus nie so ’n verskeidenheid van oksidasietoestande voor nie. Gd gadolinium Tb terbium 6 6 Dy disprosium 67 Ho holmium 6 8 Er erbium Tm tulium Yb ytterbium
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