Abstract
The main factor for the hospitalization of childbirth was the expansion of power-knowledge in 18th century medicine. In Brazil, throughout the 20th century, public policies for women’s health focused care on biological and reproductive dimensions, and birth control technologies. Technoscience advances in producing knowledge and interventions regarding women’s bodies led to a medicalization of labor and birth, consolidating the hospital as an ideal space. This article aims to examine numbers of surgical-cesarean births in the municipality of Sao Paulo, and to discuss how racial, cultural, social, and economic inequalities influence forms of birth. The statistics have been problematized in their connections with the language of risk, actors, and materialities involved in producing surgical births: public policies for pregnancy, labor, and post-natal care; hospitals. Research was carried out in the repository of public data on births in the municipality of Sao Paulo, in the period between 2010 and 2016, focusing on types of birth, in relation to place of birth, and women’s race/color and levels of education. The analysis indicated that the majority of births are surgical-cesarean, at a number five times higher than that recommended by the World Health Organization; the number is even higher at private hospitals and among women who declared themselves as White or Asian. Higher levels of education are also linked to this elevated number of births. Vaginal birth numbers were greater in public hospitals for women who declared themselves as Black, Mixed Race, and Native Brazilian. The language of risk guides public policies, delivery practices, and childbirth in Brazil. The lack of investment in birth centers in the country encourages hospitalization. Health professionals attending births have a central role in maintaining the culture of surgical delivery. Surgical-cesarean birth as a woman’s choice is an argument based on childbirth myths, on incorrect information about physiological and psychological processes, and lack of support from health professionals and families faced with the desire for vaginal birth. The complexity of the situation demands recognition that these realities are built on several factors, interconnected in the day-to-day of health services.
Highlights
In Brazil, up to the nineteenth century, assistance during labor was carried out by midwives until the beginning of medical training schools
The permanence of this high rate of surgical-cesarean births in Brazil cannot be explained in a simplified manner
It is important to identify the multiple factors that contribute toward this situation, as well as to develop analytical strategies to expand the criticism about the ways in which technoscience have molded delivery and childbirth
Summary
In Brazil, up to the nineteenth century, assistance during labor was carried out by midwives until the beginning of medical training schools. Education in Obstetrics was for a long time merely theoretical and in 1832, midwifery courses aimed at women began, linked to medical schools. From the mid nineteenth century, medical discourse begun to emphasize the importance of hospitalization, using as a justification the possible risks associated with homebirths, leading to the disqualification of midwives. In a medical context, not much relevance was given to the field of Obstetrics; doctors were only supposed to participate in cases of delivery complications that demanded surgical expertise (Meloni Vieira, 1999)
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