Abstract
Immunotherapy represents a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer, which functions via the reprogramming and activation of antitumor immunity. However, adverse events resulting from immunotherapy that are related to the low specificity of tumor cell-targeting represent a limitation of immunotherapy’s efficacy. The potential of nanotechnologies is represented by the possibilities of immunotherapeutical agents being carried by nanoparticles with various material types, shapes, sizes, coated ligands, associated loading methods, hydrophilicities, elasticities, and biocompatibilities. In this review, the principal types of nanovectors (nanopharmaceutics and bioinspired nanoparticles) are summarized along with the shortcomings in nanoparticle delivery and the main factors that modulate efficacy (the EPR effect, protein coronas, and microbiota). The mechanisms by which nanovectors can target cancer cells, the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), and the peripheral immune system are also presented. A possible mathematical model for the cellular communication mechanisms related to exosomes as nanocarriers is proposed.
Highlights
The main factors that influence the targeting of NPs in tumors are the physiochemical properties of nanoparticles, which are influenced by such factors as the size; the shape; coating with tumor cell-targeting antibodies, aptamers, peptides, and/or small molecules that are able to interact with malignant cells; the properties of the tumor, such as the tumor type, size, and stage; and the influence of the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS)
Future directions involving nanomedicine to modulate immunotherapy in cancer treatment are needed to increase the effectiveness of treatments
The major issues in nanotechnology-based immunotherapy are represented by the optimization of tumor targeting, the control of toxicity, and drug delivery versus clearance
Summary
A malignant cell can harbor more than 11,000 genomic mutations in addition to new tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), including antigens produced by oncogenic viruses, altered glycoproteins, glycolipids, or oncofetal antigens [1]. These new tumor-associated antigens can be presented on cell surfaces along with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 397 detection the immune immunesystem. CTLA4 has protein 4 (CTLA4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). CD28 of inhibiting T cells, being in competition with the co-stimulatory molecules CD28 and and CD86.
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