Abstract
Despite their key role in agriculture, in many African regions, women do not have equal access to or control and ownership over land and natural resources as men. As a consequence, international organizations, national governments and non-governmental organizations have joined forces to develop progressive policies and legal frameworks to secure equal land rights for women and men at individual and collective levels in customary tenure systems. However, women and men at the local level may not be aware of women's rights to land, and social and cultural relations may prevent women from claiming their rights. In this context, there are many initiatives and programs that aim to empower women in securing their rights. But still very little is known about the existing strategies and practices women employ to secure their equal rights and control over land and other natural resources. In particular, the lived experiences of women themselves are somewhat overlooked in current debates about women's land rights. Therefore, the foundation of this paper lies in research and action at the local level. It builds on empirical material collected with community members, through a women's land rights action research program in Kenya, Senegal, Malawi, and Mozambique. This paper takes the local level as its starting point of analysis to explore how the activities of women (as well as men and other community members) and grassroots organizations can contribute to increased knowledge and concrete actions to secure women's land rights in customary tenure systems in sub-Saharan Africa. It shows three important categories of activities in the vernacularization process of women's land rights: (1) translating women's land rights from and to local contexts, (2) realizing women's land rights on the ground, and (3) keeping track of progress of securing women's land rights. With concrete activities in these three domains, we show that, in collaboration with grassroots organizations (ranging from grassroots movements to civil society organizations and their international partner organizations), rural women have managed to strengthen their case, to advocate for their own priorities and preferences during land-use planning, and demand accountability in resource sharing. In addition, we show the mediating role of grassroots organizations in the action arena of women's secure rights to land and other natural resources.
Highlights
Women in the global South face severe challenges in claiming access to and control over land
We focus on three categories of activities key to successful vernacularization processes: (1) translating women’s land rights from and to local contexts, (2) realizing women’s land rights on the ground, and (3) keeping track of the progress of securing women’s land rights
In our Women’s Land Rights in Africa (WLRA) program (2017–2018), which forms the basis of this paper, we started from the principles of action research to better understand women’s land rights in Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, and Senegal
Summary
Women in the global South face severe challenges in claiming access to and control over land. Through the Sustainable Development Goals SDG 1 (end poverty in all its forms everywhere) and SDG 5 (achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls) and SDG indicators 1.4.2 (relating to secure tenure rights to land) and Target 5.1 (end all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere), women’s land rights are being tracked in practices and legal frameworks across the world (FAO, 2018a). All 47 countries in sub-Saharan Africa have non-discrimination principles in their constitutions (Hallward-Driemeier et al, 2013) Despite these international and national efforts to contribute to more equal land rights and tenure security for women, along with many other gender inequalities, many women in sub-Saharan Africa still lack the opportunity to register land in their name. These gender frictions are most evident in customary systems, or more precisely, lands held collectively by communities (Alden Wily, 2011)
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