Abstract
Abstract This chapter introduces the Lambda-CDM (cold dark matter) model. In 1948, under the impetus of George Gamow, Robert Hermann, Ralph Alpher, and Hans Bethe in particular, relativistic cosmology entered the second phase of its history. In this phase, physical processes, in particular, nuclear and atomic processes, are taken into account. This provides two observational tests of the model: primordial nucleosynthesis, which explains the origin of light nuclei, and the existence of the cosmic microwave background, and it establishes the fact that the universe has a thermal history. Study of the large-scale structure of the universe then indicates the existence of dark matter and a nonzero cosmological constant. This model, known as the ΛCDM model, is the standard model of contemporary cosmology.
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