Abstract
The concept of single health is currently undoubtedly one of the most relevant in pandemic times, where humans and animals are together in the same world. Penicillin was discovered in the last century by Alexander Fleming, used against infectious agents mainly of bacterial types, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Brucella and Mycobacterium are examples of cattle pathogens. The bacteria have developed defense mechanisms allowing them to survive in the host cell (mutation) even in the presence of antimicrobials (bacterial selection). The aim of the study was to examine the degree of knowledge of antibiotics through a structured survey of ten questions, addressed to eighty-six students from the Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics in 2019. Based on the information collected and after analyzing their answers, 63.14% of the students work in Clinics and Universities, 89.47% recognize the need for a quantified prescription, 47.36% mentioned that the Veterinary Medicine can prescribe antimicrobials, 52.63% support the use of antimicrobials for all microorganisms including viruses, 52.63% use the labeling to consult the withdrawal time and 100% identify that it is the withdrawal time and the practices that lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance. It is concluded that most of the students identify malpractice as the trigger for bacterial resistance, however their knowledge is not adequate to avoid antibiotic resistance to humans. It is recommended to reinforce the courses of microbiology, pharmacology and virology in the Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics degree, as well as to be updated on alternatives such as the use of phytobiotics.
Highlights
The first discovered antibiotic was penicillin by the researcher Alexander Fleming, from a fungus, of the genus Penicillium, which its powerful bactericidal effect was and has been used against Gram+ bacteria
Penicillin was discovered in the last century by Alexander Fleming, used against infectious agents mainly of bacterial types, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Brucella and Mycobacterium are examples of cattle pathogens
Based on the information collected and after analyzing their answers, 63.14% of the students work in Clinics and Universities, 89.47% recognize the need for a quantified prescription, 47.36% mentioned that the Veterinary Medicine can prescribe antimicrobials, 52.63% support the use of antimicrobials for all microorganisms including viruses, 52.63% use the labeling to consult the withdrawal time and 100% identify that it is the withdrawal time and the practices that lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance
Summary
The first discovered antibiotic was penicillin by the researcher Alexander Fleming, from a fungus, of the genus Penicillium, which its powerful bactericidal effect was and has been used against Gram+ bacteria. Semi-synthetic penicillin such as Ampicillin, Amoxicillin and Cloxacillin, the latter resistant to the “penicillinase” released by Staphylococcus aureus appeared. Staphylococcus aureus, the main agent of clinical mastitis, is resistant to Penicillin, Tetracycline and Cephalexin [2]. The transfer of resistant pathogens to humans through the food chain, such as the consumption of meat and milk [3] [4], leads to the misuse of antibiotics in animals, affecting the public health. According to the European Antimicrobial Consumption Surveillance Office, Spain ranks fifth as a consumer of broad-spectrum penicillin. Besides being considered one of the countries with the highest rates of bacterial resistance and exporter of these resistances worldwide [5] [6]
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