Abstract
Abstract The theme of continuity or contingency, when applied to the racial laws in Fascist Italy between 1938 and 1943, gives rise to conflicting interpretations regarding both origins and impact. Did the laws in this most Catholic of states involve a continuity with the past-with religious antisemitism and comprehensive restrictions that lasted in most of the Italian states until 1860 and in papal Rome until 1870? Or were they a contingency, a temporary aberration, an alien concept in liberal Italy imposed by the powerful new German ally or, at the very least, by Prime Minister Benito Mussolini, eager to please that ally? Concerning impact, did the racial laws in tum initiate a new continuity, easing the transition between Mussolini’s independent Italy and the deportations and murders of Jews following the German occupation in September 1943? Or was there no meaningful connection between pre and post occupation Italy? Did most Italians regard the fierce Nazi persecution of Italian Jews, aided and abetted by Fascists still loyal to the puppet Republic of Salo, as yet another new and alien contingency?
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