The Irreversible C3 to CAM Shift in Well‐watered and Salt‐stressed Plants of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum is under Strict Ontogenetic Control

Abstract

AbstractThe shift from C3 to CAM was investigated as a function of both leaf and plant age in well‐watered and salt‐stressed (300 mM NaCl solution) plants of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. Initiation of a night‐time accumulation of malic acid, the decisive criterion of CAM, was followed in plants that were continuously stressed at different points in their life cycle. The deinducibility of CAM was examined after the release from stress by extensively rinsing the potting soil with de‐mineralized water.Our results show that in M. crystallinum CAM is under strict developmental control, since CAM appeared only when a certain stage of development of the whole plant was reached. CAM was not present in any plant before this threshold, which was the same in salt‐stressed as well as in well‐watered plants. The metabolic shift coincided with the change from the seedling to the juvenile growth phase, and not with that from vegetative to reproductive growth, represented by the start of branching. The latter is timed to the end of extension growth.In well‐watered plants, after this decisive point in development, a weak nighttime accumulation of malic acid could be measured (≅ 0.05 mol kgDW−1) in the oldest, mature leaves but not in young, developing ones. This “CAM capacity” gradually increased up to 0.2 mol kgDE−1 with further plant ageing. Leaf senescence, characterized by wilting and yellowing, diminished the CAM activity. In mature leaves salt stress drastically enhanced the magnitude of diurnal fluctuation in malic acid content.Removal of salt stress did not deinduce CAM activity, but diminished the amplitude of malic acid oscillations to some extent in those plants which had been stressed from early in their life cycle. In these plants, salt stress delayed plant development and growth thus retarding the life cycle. Well‐watered plants, for example, branched about three weeks earlier than those that had been stressed continuously from one week after germination. After removal of stress a quasi‐preserved earlier developmental stage in relation to the control plants determined the weaker CAM expression.