Abstract
Hydrogen gas (H2) and glucose (Glc) have been reported as novel antioxidants and signal molecules involved in multiple biological processes in plants. However, the physiological roles and relationships of H2 and Glc in adventitious rooting are less clear. Here, we showed that the effects of different concentrations Glc (0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.50 and 1.00 mM) on adventitious rooting in cucumber were dose-dependent, with a maximal biological response at 0.10 mM. While, the positive roles of hydrogen rich water (HRW, a H2 donor)-regulated adventitious rooting were blocked by a specific Glc inhibitor glucosamine (GlcN), suggesting that Glc might be responsible for H2-regulated adventitious root development. HRW increased glucose, sucrose, starch and total sugar contents. Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) and glucose-1-phosphate (G1P) contents were also increased by HRW. Meanwhile, the activities of sucrose-related enzymes incorporating sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and glucose-related enzymes including hexokinase (HK), pyruvate kinase (PK) and adenosine 5′-diphosphate pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) were increased by HRW. Moreover, HRW upregulated the expression levels of sucrose or glucose metabolism-related genes including CsSuSy1, CsSuSy6, CsHK1, CsHK3, CsUDP1, CsUDP1-like, CsG6P1 and CsG6P1-like. However, these positive roles were all inhibited by GlcN. Together, H2 might regulate adventitious rooting by promoting glucose metabolism.
Highlights
Adventitious roots (AR) are postembryonic roots which originate from the stem, leaf petiole and non-pericycle tissue of old roots [1]
Recent results revealed that AR formation was positively regulated by plant hormones and signaling molecules, such as abscisic acid (ABA) [2], auxin [3], brassinolide (BR) [4], gibberellin (GA) [5], ethylene [6], hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) [7], nitric oxide (NO) [8], carbon monoxide (CO) [9] and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) [10] molecular evidence illustrated that auxin- and ethylene-related genes and proteins are closely associated with the initiation and development of AR [11]
The results indicated that Glc treatment affected AR development in a dose-dependent manner
Summary
Adventitious roots (AR) are postembryonic roots which originate from the stem, leaf petiole and non-pericycle tissue of old roots [1]. Inappropriate conditions including injury and stress promote AR formation. Recent results revealed that AR formation was positively regulated by plant hormones and signaling molecules, such as abscisic acid (ABA) [2], auxin [3], brassinolide (BR) [4], gibberellin (GA) [5], ethylene [6], hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) [7], nitric oxide (NO) [8], carbon monoxide (CO) [9] and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) [10] molecular evidence illustrated that auxin- and ethylene-related genes and proteins are closely associated with the initiation and development of AR [11]. It was reported that hydrogen therapy was a potential and effective treatment for exercise-induced injury in sports medicine [13]. H2 can interact directly with specific signaling pathways, including NO, CO and ethylene [16]
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