Abstract
Our society is racially characterized by subtle forms of discrimination and prejudice. At the present time, people have adopted an attitude of racial denial, reinforcing an attitude of racial invisibility. This study is the first qualitative attempt to measure Franklin's paradigm, the invisible paradigm. Using data from the African- American study (N=2, 864), I examine the relation between race invisibility with discrimination, social recognition, and group affiliation. Three hypotheses were tested: (1) discrimination affects the individual's perception of race visibility, micro-aggression, and group affiliation; (2) social recognition is related to group affiliation and visibility; and (3) group affiliation mediates the relationship between discrimination and visibility. Results from the path analysis show that perceived discrimination has a negative and significant association with micro-aggression and visibility and a positive and significant association with group affiliation. Group affiliation mediated the relationship between discrimination and visibility. Social recognition, however, does not affect race visibility directly. Its effect is mediated through group affiliation. This study contributes to the social knowledge of the way discrimination affects minority ethnic groups' micro-aggression, group affiliation, and racial visibility.
Highlights
For most people, racism is perceived as a thing of the past and the idea of a racialized society an unacceptable tough, as the old fashioned type of racism seems to have vanished [1]
This study on visibility of race takes into account the effects of perceived discrimination, racial micro-aggression, and group affiliation
The line connecting them indicates a relationship between these two variables that is causal, perceived discrimination causing micro-aggression, which can be due to sharing common racial/ethnic perceptions and beliefs
Summary
Racism is perceived as a thing of the past and the idea of a racialized society an unacceptable tough, as the old fashioned type of racism seems to have vanished [1]. As the sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva [1] explains, racism is still a problem in today’s society; a new form has emerged, morphed into more insidious expressions of racial discrimination that take place at the individual level, in face-to-face interactions: you see black people, you don’t see them [1]. The invisibility, as the great sociologist W.E.B. DuBois [6] and the novelist Ralph Ellison [7] pointed out many decades ago, is not a simple a matter of being overlook, it is, paradoxically, a consequence of conspicuousness. Seigenthaler explains at the Fulbright Enrichment Seminar in Nashville, TN, 2012:
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