Abstract
Industrial waste heaps in north-west England have become colonized by interesting floras which include regionally uncommon species. However, the range of species is restricted and the vegetation remains open even after 100 years. This appears to be due to the chemical and physical characteristics of the sites, and difficulties of immigration for appropriate species. To test these hypotheses and to explore the improvement of such areas for creative conservation and amenity, introduction of further native species was undertaken. Several species from calcareous grassland, were successfully established on alkaline chemical waste and blast furnace slag, and species from acidic heathland on colliery shale (...)
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