Abstract
Nipah and Hendra viruses are highly pathogenic, zoonotic henipaviruses that encode proteins that inhibit the host’s innate immune response. The W protein is one of four products encoded from the P gene and binds a number of host proteins to regulate signalling pathways. The W protein is intrinsically disordered, a structural attribute that contributes to its diverse host protein interactions. Here, we review the role of W in innate immune suppression through inhibition of both pattern recognition receptor (PRR) pathways and interferon (IFN)-responsive signalling. PRR stimulation leading to activation of IRF-3 and IFN release is blocked by henipavirus W, and unphosphorylated STAT proteins are sequestered within the nucleus of host cells by W, thereby inhibiting the induction of IFN stimulated genes. We examine the critical role of nuclear transport in multiple functions of W and how specific binding of importin-alpha (Impα) isoforms, and the 14-3-3 group of regulatory proteins suggests further modulation of these processes. Overall, the disordered nature and multiple functions of W warrant further investigation to understand henipavirus pathogenesis and may reveal insights aiding the development of novel therapeutics.
Highlights
The Paramyxoviridae virus family contains the Henipavirus genus, and many other many medically significant viruses including measles virus, mumps virus, and human parainfluenza viruses, as well as Sendai virus (SeV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and canine distemper virus in animal species.Henipaviruses are single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses [1], and they include the highly pathogenic Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) [2]
The ribonucleoprotein (RNP) core of henipaviruses consist of a negative-sense single stranded via synthesis of thebound positive-sense anti-genome
Attachment protein G and fusion protein F are located on the envelope surface and (RNP) core consists of a single-stranded negative sense RNA, with N, L, and P proteins required for protrude as spikes
Summary
The Paramyxoviridae virus family contains the Henipavirus genus, and many other many medically significant viruses including measles virus, mumps virus, and human parainfluenza viruses, as well as Sendai virus (SeV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and canine distemper virus in animal species. Henipaviruses are single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses [1], and they include the highly pathogenic Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) [2]. The severity of NiV and HeV infection is due in part to their ability to evade host antiviral immune responses. NiV and HeV encode multifunctional proteins that antagonise cell-intrinsic innate immune. A refined understanding of these interactions is crucial to reveal detailed mechanisms of henipavirus pathogenesis and, in turn, may aid the development of efficacious antiviral therapeutics andfrom attenuated vaccines. IFN-antagonist) and host proteins that and binds to multiple host targets to supress signalling pathways for interferon (IFN) production interfere with responses. A refined understanding of these interactions is crucial to reveal detailed mechanisms of henipavirus pathogenesis and, in turn, may aid the development of efficacious antiviral. The virions are variable in size and range from 40 nm to 1900
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