The Interplay of the Mammalian Brain and Thyroid Hormones, and the Threat of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals

Abstract

Introduction: During the formation of neural circuits, the developing brain demonstrates extraordinary plasticity, heavily influenced by hormones. These chemical messengers interact with specific receptors to regulate vital physiological functions. The thyroid gland plays a pivotal role in maintaining hormonal balance and guiding brain development. However, emerging threats like endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can interfere with this intricate system. EDCs are exogenous substances that can mimic, enhance, or block the actions of endogenous hormones, disrupting hormonal signaling in the brain at various developmental stages. Exposure can impair cognitive function and behavior due to disruptions in thyroid function. Studies indicate that mixtures of EDCs negatively impact brain development, leading to lower IQ and behavioral problems. Reducing EDC exposure through regulations and public awareness is crucial, and further research is needed to elucidate their mechanisms. Conclusions: Protecting vulnerable populations, such as pregnant women and children, is essential through prompt regulatory measures.