The interplay of protective and risk factors linked to autism

Abstract

Over the last century, Autism has undergone considerable diagnostic evolution. It is only in the past eight years that autism has been identified not as a single disorder but as a “Spectrum” of developmental disabilities inclusive of “Autistic Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), and Asperger’s Disorder”. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex disorder with early childhood onset, characterized by impairments in reciprocal social interactions and stereotypic behaviors. The limited scientific knowledge about the pathogenesis of ASD has an undesirable impact on the personal, professional, and social life of ASD patients and their families. The interplay of risk factors such as peculiar genetic make-up, adverse environment, etc., and protective factors like proper maternal care and diet appears to be responsible for the development of ASD. Although there is no US-FDA- certified medication for curing autism, an integrated strategy comprising of psychotropic medications and complementary therapies appears to be quite effective. The authors recommend that focusing on the protective factors antepartum and post-partum might prove to be an effective method for the prevention of ASD.