Abstract

Global usage of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has been increasing in the last decade. ENDS are non-combustible tobacco products that heat and aerosolize a liquid containing humectants, with added flavorings and often nicotine. Though ENDS are promoted as a less harmful alternative to smoking, current evidence links their use to a wide range of deleterious health effects including acute and chronic lung damage. ENDS can elicit an inflammatory response and impair the innate immune response in the lungs. Exposure to ENDS flavorings results in abnormal activation of the lung epithelial cells and β-defensins, dysfunction of the macrophage phagocytic activity, increased levels of mucin (MUC5AC) and abnormal activation of the neutrophilic response (NETosis). ENDS menthol flavorings disrupt innate immunity and might be associated with allergies and asthma through activation of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRAP1). Recent studies have expanded our understanding of the relationship between the homeostasis of lung innate immunity and the immunomodulatory effect of the host-microbiota interaction. Alterations of the normal respiratory microbiota have been associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, atopy and cystic fibrosis complications which are strongly associated with smoking and potentially with ENDS use. Little is known about the short-and long-term effects of ENDS on the respiratory microbiota, their impact on the innate immune response and their link to pulmonary health and disease. Here we review the interaction between the innate immune system and the respiratory microbiota in the pathogenesis of ENDS-induced pulmonary dysfunction and identify future areas of research.

Highlights

  • Global usage of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has increased in the last decade, especially among youth and young adults (Besaratinia and Tommasi, 2019)

  • Though ENDS are promoted as a less harmful alternative to smoking, current evidence links their use to a wide range of deleterious health effects

  • A growing body of evidence supports the association between ENDS use and addiction (Primack et al, 2018), cardiovascular disease (D’Amario et al, 2019; MacDonald and Middlekauff, 2019), cancer (Wu et al, 2020), and respiratory disease, including acute, and chronic lung damage (Gotts et al, 2019)

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Summary

Introduction

Global usage of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has increased in the last decade, especially among youth and young adults (Besaratinia and Tommasi, 2019). Evidence suggests that ENDS flavorings impair the innate immune response in the lungs (Clapp et al, 2017; Gerloff et al, 2017).

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