Abstract
Autophagy is a process focused on maintaining the homeostasis of organisms; nevertheless, the role of this process has also been widely documented in viral infections. Thus, xenophagy is a selective form of autophagy targeting viruses. However, the relation between autophagy and viruses is ambiguous—this process may be used as a strategy to fight with a virus, but is also in favor of the virus’s replication. In this paper, we have gathered data on autophagy in viral hepatitis and viral hemorrhagic fevers and the relations impacting its viral pathogenesis. Thus, autophagy is a potential therapeutic target, but research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which the virus interacts with the autophagic machinery. These studies must be performed in specific research models other than the natural host for many reasons. In this paper, we also indicate Lagovirus europaeus virus as a potentially good research model for acute liver failure and viral hemorrhagic disease.
Highlights
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that is necessary for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis in response to the microenvironment, and physiologically
Activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) in rabbits with rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) was evaluated by determining the stress response marker endoplasmic reticulum (ER)—C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and glucose-regulated protein (GRP94), which is a protein involved in protein folding, the peak expression of these chaperones was determined at 24 h p.i., which occurred in parallel with the increase in Beclin-1, Atg12-Atg5-Atg16L1, and LC3 [68]
Ubiquitinated AMPK is degraded, which leads to the inhibition of autophagy and the accumulation of protein aggregates in cells, which results in autophagy inhibition and the neuropathogenesis of West Nile virus (WNV) infection [132]
Summary
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that is necessary for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis in response to the microenvironment, and physiologically. L. europaeus is a virus belonging to the Lagovirus genus within the Caliciviridae family, which consists of non-enveloped ssRNA (+) viruses [7]. It first appeared in China in 1984 [8] and has been global in scope ever since [6]. Hepatocytes are the target site of L. europaeus/GI. and GI. virus replication, the most spectacular pathologies are observed in the liver [6] For this reason, studies on L. europaeus are successfully used in research on acute liver failure (ALF) [11]. It has been reported relatively recently that autophagy is induced in the course of infections with human hemorrhagic fever viruses from various taxonomic groups. Research on autophagy induced by a viral infection in the natural host may be a key element in the discovery of so far unknown mechanisms, that may prove helpful in the issues of ALF and VHF
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