Abstract
The existing spring forms of wheat-rye amphiploids are characterized by late maturity due to the long duration of the interphase period “germination–heading”. The manifestation of this trait is inf luenced by Vrn-1 genes. Their dominant alleles also determine the spring type of development. The results of studying the interphase period “germination– heading” of spring octaploid and hexaploid forms of triticale created for use in research and breeding programs under the conditions of forest-steppe of Western Siberia are given in this article. The interphase period of the primary forms 8xVrnA1, 8xVrnB1 and 8xVrnD1 obtained by artif icial doubling of the chromosome number of the wheat-rye hybrids made by pollination of three lines of the soft wheat ‘Triple Dirk’ – donors of different dominant Vrn-1 genes – by a winter rye variety ‘Korotkostebel’naya 69’ was determined under the f ield conditions in the nursery of octaploid (8x) triticale. In the nursery of hexaploid triticale, this trait was studied in the populations of hybrids obtained by hybridization of these three primary forms of octaploid triticale with the hexaploid winter triticale variety ‘Sears 57’. In the offspring of crossing 8хVrnD1 × ‘Sears 57’, spring genotypes of 6x triticale bearing Vrn-D1 were selected. This fact was determined by PСR. It means that the genetic material from the chromosome of the f ifth homeologous group of the D genome of the bread wheat is included in the plant genotypes. This genome is absent in the winter 6x triticale ‘Sears 57’. The grain content of spikes of the created hexaploid forms of triticale is superiour to that of the maternal octaploid triticale forms. It was shown that plants of the hybrid populations 8xVrnA1 × ‘Sears 57’ and 8xVrnD1 × ‘Sears 57’ carrying the dominant alleles Vrn-A1a and Vrn-D1a, respectively, have a shorter duration of the “germination–heading” interphase period than the initial parental forms of primary 8x triticale. The short interphase period of “germination–heading” of the 6x triticale is a valuable breading trait for the creation of early maturing and productive genotypes of triticale.
Highlights
Hundreds of winter and spring varieties and collection forms of triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) or wheat-rye amphiploid (WRA) with genomes of wheat (Triticum spp.) and rye (Secale spp.) have been made for more than 130-year history of this artificial crop
The evaluation of plants in populations of primary octaploid WRA showed that the duration of the interphase period “germination–heading” in triticale lines 8xVrnA1 and 8xVrnD1 in 2018 and 2019 was shorter than that in 2014, 2016 and 2017 (Table 1)
When comparing the data of all years of research, one can note that the selection of the most early-maturing plants in each generation led to a significant reduction of the duration of the period from germination to heading of both hexaploid and maternal octaploid triticale forms except for the parental form 8xVrnB1
Summary
Hundreds of winter and spring varieties and collection forms of triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) or wheat-rye amphiploid (WRA) with genomes of wheat (Triticum spp.) and rye (Secale spp.) have been made for more than 130-year history of this artificial crop. In the Russian Federation the area of crops decreased up to 171.7 thousand hectares in 2017, compared with the maximum value 274.5 thousand hectares in 2014 Grain yield for those years amounted to 500.7 thousand tons and 654.1 thousand tons, respectively (http://www.fao.org/ faostat/ru/#data/QC/visualize). This circumstance is due to a decrease in breeding work and creation of varieties of wheatrye amphiploids in the Russian Federation in recent years. Hexaploid (6x) forms of triticale (BuBuAARR, 2n = 42) are mainly used for agricultural practice They are more cytogenetically stable and fertile compared to octaploid (8x) (BuBuAADDRR, 2n = 56) ones (Lukaszewski, Gustafson, 1987). There are some reports of successful cultivation of 8x triticale (Cheng, Murata, 2002)
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