The Interaction Between Two Worlds: MicroRNAs and Toll-Like Receptors.

Recep Bayraktar,Maria Teresa Sabrina Bertilaccio,George A Calin

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01053

Recep Bayraktar, Maria Teresa Sabrina Bertilaccio + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01053

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Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical mediators of posttranscriptional regulation via their targeting of the imperfect antisense complementary regions of coding and non-coding transcripts. Recently, researchers have shown that miRNAs play roles in many aspects of regulation of immune cell function by targeting of inflammation-associated genes, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Besides this indirect regulatory role of miRNAs, they can also act as physiological ligands of specific TLRs and initiate the signaling cascade of immune response. In this review, we summarize the potential roles of miRNAs in regulation of TLR gene expression and TLR signaling, with a focus on the ability of miRNAs bind to TLRs.

Highlights

An efficient immune system is required for all multicellular organisms to detect and respond to pathogenic microorganisms or cells and/or tissue damage [1, 2]
An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that several miRNAs, including miR-21, miR-146, miR-155, and let-7 family, target Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or proteins in TLR signaling pathways (Figure 1) that are involved in the regulation of various processes, such as inflammation, T-cell activation, cellular infiltration, and immunity development [52, 53]
cytokineinducible Src homology 2-containing protein (CIS), cytokine-inducible Src homology 2-containing protein; KSRP, KH-type splicing regulatory protein; triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1- (TREM-1), triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1; ROS, reactive oxygen species; HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1; TGF, transforming growth factor; plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs), plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs)

Summary

Introduction

An efficient immune system is required for all multicellular organisms to detect and respond to pathogenic microorganisms or cells and/or tissue damage [1, 2]. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that several miRNAs, including miR-21, miR-146, miR-155, and let-7 family, target TLRs or proteins in TLR signaling pathways (Figure 1) that are involved in the regulation of various processes, such as inflammation, T-cell activation, cellular infiltration, and immunity development [52, 53]. MiRNAs serve as physiological ligands of TLRs, such as miR-21, let-7 family members, and miR-29a, which can activate TLR signaling and stimulate the release of inflammatory cytokines and IFN genes in some cell types.

Results

Conclusion