Abstract
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a cardiovascular disease associated with autonomic dysfunction, where sympathovagal imbalance was reported in many studies using heart rate variability (HRV). To learn more about the dynamic interaction in the autonomic nervous system (ANS), we explored the directed interaction between the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) with the help of transfer entropy (TE). This article included 24-h RR interval signals of 54 healthy subjects (31 males and 23 females, 61.38 ± 11.63 years old) and 44 CHF subjects (8 males and 2 females, 19 subjects’ gender were unknown, 55.51 ± 11.44 years old, 4 in class I, 8 in class II and 32 in class III~IV, according to the New York Heart Association Function Classification), obtained from the PhysioNet database and then segmented into 5-min non-overlapping epochs using cubic spline interpolation. For each segment in the normal group and CHF group, frequency-domain features included low-frequency (LF) power, high-frequency (HF) power and LF/HF ratio were extracted as classical estimators of autonomic activity. In the nonlinear domain, TE between LF and HF were calculated to quantify the information exchanging between SNS and PNS. Compared with the normal group, an extreme decrease in LF/HF ratio (p = 0.000) and extreme increases in both TE(LF→HF) (p = 0.000) and TE(HF→LF) (p = 0.000) in the CHF group were observed. Moreover, both in normal and CHF groups, TE(LF→HF) was a lot greater than TE(HF→LF) (p = 0.000), revealing that TE was able to distinguish the difference in the amount of directed information transfer among ANS. Extracted features were further applied in discriminating CHF using IBM SPSS Statistics discriminant analysis. The combination of the LF/HF ratio, TE(LF→HF) and TE(HF→LF) reached the highest screening accuracy (83.7%). Our results suggested that TE could serve as a complement to traditional index LF/HF in CHF screening.
Highlights
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) refers to a chronic progressive condition, associated with the failure of the heart to pump blood in adequate volume to meet the requirements of the body [1].congestive heart failure (CHF) is related with autonomic nervous system (ANS) activities dysfunction [2], since neurohumoralEntropy 2018, 20, 795; doi:10.3390/e20100795 www.mdpi.com/journal/entropyEntropy 2018, 20, 795 modulation plays an important part in regulating cardiovascular function
Since transfer entropy (TE) could quantify information exchanging among two systems [13], we supposed a smaller value of TE(Y→X)
A smaller ratio value means that TE from the target system to driving system was much less than the opposite direction, indicating that the TE is sensitive to the disparity of the amount of information transfer in the two directions
Summary
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) refers to a chronic progressive condition, associated with the failure of the heart to pump blood in adequate volume to meet the requirements of the body [1].CHF is related with autonomic nervous system (ANS) activities dysfunction [2], since neurohumoralEntropy 2018, 20, 795; doi:10.3390/e20100795 www.mdpi.com/journal/entropyEntropy 2018, 20, 795 modulation plays an important part in regulating cardiovascular function. Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) refers to a chronic progressive condition, associated with the failure of the heart to pump blood in adequate volume to meet the requirements of the body [1]. CHF is related with autonomic nervous system (ANS) activities dysfunction [2], since neurohumoral. Entropy 2018, 20, 795 modulation plays an important part in regulating cardiovascular function. To assess the autonomic cardiovascular control, heart rate variability (HRV) is commonly considered as a reliable noninvasive means to investigate autonomic modulation in the heart [3]. HRV features have been extensively studied as markers of risk factors of CHF. Methods used to analyze HRV are focused on time and frequency domain analyses. Nolan et al [2]
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