Abstract
An intellectual orientation [intelligentnost'] shows up in people regardless of national affiliation, but representatives of the are to be found only in Russian culture. The Russian word intelligentsia is not the same as the concept of intellectual, which is what a person involved in intellectual work is called in many countries. Intelligentsia acquired a separate existence in the Russian language after having been borrowed from the Romance languages in approximately the 1870s. (The French intelligence, like the Italian intelligenza, means mind, understanding, capacity for thought.) Among the literati of postemancipation Russia it designated people who combined a high level of culture with intellect. However, in the twentieth century this word acquired the most diverse connotations.
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