The integration of human factors into a shipping company's Safety Management System (SMS) in the context of safety culture evolution.

Abstract

Today any discussion on a shipping company's Safety Management System (SMS) typically involves legal compliance, promoting safety and its connection to the safety culture. Adhering to the International Safety Management (ISM) Code enhances safety culture. Despite functional SMS, human factors is the weak point that heavily influence safety. This paper explores integrating human factors into SMS effectively, transitioning from reactive framework solely focusing on failures and human errors (SAFETY-I) to a proactive one that manages system performance (SAFETY-II). It suggests proactive techniques, including incorporating Non-Technical Skills (NTS) in all shipboard activities, to prevent incidents. Safety initiatives like Behavioral-Based Safety (BBS) and Competency Based Assessments are discussed, aligning with industry guidelines from influencers like ICS and OCIMF. The aim is to evolve a shipping company's safety culture from reactive to proactive and resilient. The paper highlights the integration of human factors into shipping companies' SMS for advancing safety culture. Transitioning from reactive to proactive safety approaches requires addressing human performance over human error. Incorporating human factors into training ensures crew possess necessary skills, fostering competence and confidence. Effective communication strategies considering human factors reduce misunderstandings and errors. Encouraging open communication and reporting enhances overall safety. Managing workload and stress prevents crew from exceeding limits, reducing fatigue and stress-related risks. Recognizing human limitations and biases improves decision-making processes, leading to better safety outcomes. Employing human-centred design in equipment, procedures, and organizational structures fosters a resilient and safety-conscious maritime industry.