Abstract
Abstract The biotechnology industry exemplifies many of the key features of science based clusters. Biotechnology firms in both the US and Europe are located in a small number of geographic regions. Within these clusters, there are extensive relations between firms and public research organizations, including universities, government laboratories, and research hospitals. In the United States, the strength and robustness of the three leading biotechnology clusters - the San Francisco Bay Area, the Boston Metropolitan area, and San Diego County stem from the joint contributions of both public and private organizations to scientific and technical advance (Owen-Smith et al., 2002). The combination of dense social networks and geographic co-location has been critical to the genesis of these high-tech regions (Bunker Whittington et al., 2005).
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