Abstract
The obligation to preserve underwater cultural heritage is a core principle of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. A key element of this obligation is a balance of scientific research, protection, and the promotion of responsible access to underwater cultural heritage sites. Such a balance requires the setting up of a network of communication between the tourism and heritage sectors on the one hand and the maritime and diving communities on the other hand. A variety of approaches have been developed to promote responsible access to underwater cultural heritage sites, and since the vast majority of the public does not dive, this also includes the development of virtual access. In Malta, maritime archaeology can be traced to humble and sporadic beginnings in the 1950s. The following decades brought a growing interest in diving activities and a rising number of diving schools and clubs. Whilst Malta has today established itself as a diving tourism destination, responsible access to underwater cultural heritage sites was not always entrenched in dive operations or institutionally recognized. The protection and management of underwater cultural heritage has recently been firmly established within Heritage Malta, the national agency for museums, conservations, and cultural heritage. This paper is intended to outline the trajectory of Malta’s underwater cultural heritage management and to present the innovative and state of the art public access system that is managed by the Underwater Cultural Heritage Unit within Heritage Malta.
Highlights
The Maltese Islands are located in the centre of the Mediterranean, at the crossroads of the east–west and north–south divide
Maritime connections have been established through the presence of imported objects such as obsidian from Lipari and Pantelleria and red ochre, flint, and miniature axes traced to Calabria and Mount Etna, Sicily [1,2]
Cultural deposits were discovered beneath Posidonia oceanica mattes, and the relative homogeneity of the deposit led excavators to consider the presence of a single wreck containing oriental amphorae
Summary
The Maltese Islands are located in the centre of the Mediterranean, at the crossroads of the east–west and north–south divide. Cultural deposits were discovered beneath Posidonia oceanica mattes, and the relative homogeneity of the deposit led excavators to consider the presence of a single wreck containing oriental amphorae These lay in close proximity to other objects that, due to their varied chronology, were classified as harbour debris [15]. The trajectory of underwater archaeology in Malta has evolved from one led entirely by foreign institutions in the 1960–1980s to projects, surveys, and excavations being directed by local professionals from the 1990s onwards. This path has continued, and since 2016, a dedicated master’s programme in Global Maritime Archaeology has been offered at the University of Malta. The following section presents the legislative framework within which Maltese cultural heritage is regulated
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