Abstract
The innovation value chain is an effective tool for analysing innovation activities and reflects the process of value creation and increase in innovation activities. From the perspective of innovation value chains, we divided patent innovation activities into three stages: knowledge innovation stage, applied research stage and patent commercialization stage. The panel data from 64 universities directly managed by the Ministry of Education from 2009 to 2017 were used and several conclusions were drawn: 1) In the initial stage of knowledge innovation, the fundamental research fund plays a crucial promoting role, and knowledge innovation achievements are mainly published academic papers. 2) In the applied research stage, the knowledge innovation in the early stage and the fund investment in R&D activities have a significant positive effect on the patent output of universities, but the personnel investment has a negative effect. 3) In the final stage of patent commercialization, preliminary research results have a positive impact on patent commercialization, whose marginal effect depends on the industry-university-research relationship, external competition and reputation of the university. The evidence showed that there is a feedback channel between university patent commercialization and knowledge innovation, and new knowledge generated by the interaction with the outside world in the process of patent commercialization was transmitted to the subject of knowledge innovation through this channel, forming a virtuous dynamic cycle. By analysing the driving factors of the value chain of patent innovation in colleges and universities, we provided empirical evidence for the operation mechanism and policy formulation of college patents in China.
Highlights
Patents are the sources of national scientific and technological innovation
3) In the final stage of patent commercialization, preliminary research results have a positive impact on patent commercialization, whose marginal effect depends on the industry-university-research relationship, external competition and reputation of the university
The research results showed that in the stage of knowledge innovation, the investment of basic research funding was of benefit to the output of academic papers in universities, but the impact of the input of basic research staff was not significant
Summary
Patents are the sources of national scientific and technological innovation. At present, the number of patent applications in China has risen sharply, and China has the largest number of patent applications in the world. The quantity of patent applications in universities has increased dramatically in recent years, the rate of patent commercialization is much lower than what we expected[1]. According to The State Intellectual Property Office of Patent. Statistical Yearbook (2018), the growth rate of invention patents in colleges and universities in China has accelerated significantly, from 1,548 in 2000 to 19,400 in 2018, an increase of more than 125 times. The patent transfer rate of universities is only 1.4% (annual patent statistics of the National Intellectual Property Administration, 2018), and most patents are, regrettably, in a "sleep" state. According to statistics of the AUTM licensing activity survey (2018), in 2017, the number of patents disclosed by American universities and research institutes was 24,998, and the number of patent licenses was 7,798, with a licensing disclosure ratio of approximately 31.2%
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