The Inner Phase of Molecular Container Compounds as a Novel Reaction Environment

Abstract

The conceptual idea of molecular container compoundsand their synthesis has opened an entirely new andvery interesting research field: the chemistry of andwithin molecular container compounds and theircomplexes. Molecular containers have inner phases justlarge enough to accommodate a single guest molecule.Beginning with Donald J. Cram's first synthesis of acarcerand, which permanently entrapped a single guestmolecule, many other containers such ashemicarcerands, molecular lantern, self-assembledcapsules and fullerenes have been synthesized andstudied. Not only is the design and development of newcontainer compounds an ongoing challenge for organicchemists, but also the systematic investigation ofchemical reactions within their inner phases. Theresults of a large variety of inner phase reactionsspanning acid-base, reduction, oxidation, nucleophilicsubstitution, addition, thermal, photochemical andpericyclic reactions have provided us with moreinsight into the relationship between bulk phase andinner phase reactants and the mechanism of thetransfer of electrons and photons through theinsulating shell of a container molecule. They havealso led to very spectacular applications of molecularcontainer compounds such as the stabilization ofreactive intermediates by incarceration. Thesehighlights of inner phase chemistry and the currentefforts and successes towards using molecularcontainers as catalytic reaction vessels are presentedand discussed.