Abstract
Limited studies have reported on in-vitro analysis of PM2.5 but as far as the authors are aware, bioaccessibility of PM2.5 in artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) has not been linked to urban development models before. The Brazilian cities Manaus (Amazon) and Curitiba (South region) have different geographical locations, climates, and urban development strategies. Manaus drives its industrialization using the free trade zone policy and Curitiba adopted a services centered economy driven by sustainability. Therefore, these two cities were used to illustrate the influence that these different models have on PM2.5in vitro profile. We compared PM2.5 mass concentrations and the average total elemental and bioaccessible profiles for Cu, Cr, Mn, and Pb. The total average elemental concentrations followed Mn > Pb > Cu > Cr in Manaus and Pb > Mn > Cu > Cr in Curitiba. Mn had the lowest solubility while Cu showed the highest bioaccessibility (100%) and was significantly higher in Curitiba than Manaus. Cr and Pb had higher bioaccessibility in Manaus than Curitiba. Despite similar mass concentrations, the public health risk in Manaus was higher than in Curitiba indicating that the free trade zone had a profound effect on the emission levels and sources of airborne PM. These findings illustrate the importance of adopting sustainable air quality strategies in urban planning.
Highlights
The socioeconomics, geographical location and urban development strategy of cities have a profound impact on the air quality
The GoAmazon 2014/15 project has put itself at task to study this air mass present over the city, which is currently still surrounded by the pristine atmosphere of the forest, as it provides a unique opportunity to study the effect of human intervention on air quality[6]
It is to be expected that the lack of, or implementation of different, mitigating strategies to combat emissions will result in different pollution sources and chemical composition of airborne particulate matter (APM)
Summary
The socioeconomics, geographical location and urban development strategy of cities have a profound impact on the air quality. For that reason and reasons given previously, Manaus and Curitiba were chosen as two urban areas with similar populations, but different emission sources, environments and urban development strategies.
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